Lejoe la sehlooho la Granite le etsa joang

Lejoe la sehlooho

Ka morao

Majoe a hlooho a tsejoa ka mabitso a mangata a fapaneng, joalo ka majoe a sehopotso, matšoao a mabitla, majoe a mabitla le mabitla.Tsena tsohle li sebetsa mosebetsing oa majoe a lihlooho;sehopotso le sekgopotso sa mofu.Majoe a lihlooho a ne a entsoe ka majoe a masimo kapa likotoana tsa lehong.Libakeng tse ling, majoe (a bitsoa "majoe a phiri") a ne a behoa holim'a 'mele ho thibela liphoofolo tse phunyang hore li se ke tsa senola lebitla le sa tebang.

Histori

Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba fumane mabitla a Neanderthal a lilemo tse 20,000-75,000.Litopo li fumanoe mahaheng a nang le liqubu tse kholo tsa majoe kapa majoe a koahetseng masoba.Ho nahanoa hore libaka tsena tsa mabitla li etsahetse ka phoso.Mohlomong ba lemetseng kapa ba shoang ba ne ba siiloe hore ba fole, ’me mafika kapa mafika a ne a sutumetsoa ka pel’a lehaha bakeng sa tšireletso ho liphoofolo tse hlaha.Lehaha la Sharindar la Iraq e ne e le lehae la mesaletsa ea motho (hoo e ka bang ka 50,000 BC) ka lipalesa tse qhalakaneng ’meleng.

Mekhoa e meng e fapaneng ea ho pata e tsoetse pele ha nako e ntse e tsamaea.Machaena e bile bona ba pele ba ho sebelisa makese ho boloka bafu ba bona nako e ka bang 30,000 BC Ho tlotsa setopo le ho tlotsa setopo ho ile ha sebelisoa hoo e ka bang ka 3200 BC ho boloka litopo tsa bofaro ba Egepeta bakeng sa bophelo ba ka morao ho lefu.Bo-farao ba ne ba tla behoa ka har'a sarcophagus 'me ba kenngoa ka liemahale tse emelang bahlanka ba bona le baeletsi ba tšepahalang, hammoho le khauta le mabothobotho ho netefatsa hore ba amoheloa lefatšeng le ka ntle ho naha.Marena a mang a ne a batla hore bahlanka le baeletsi ba ’ona ba sebele ba tsamaee le bona lefung, ’me bahlanka le baeletsi ba ne ba bolaoa ’me ba behoa lebitleng.Ho chesoa ha setopo, ho qalileng hoo e ka bang ka nako e tšoanang le ho chesoa ha setopo, le hona e ne e le mokhoa o tummeng oa ho lahla bafu.Kajeno e ikarabella bakeng sa 26% ea mekhoa ea ho lahla United States le 45% Canada.

Ha malumeli a ntse a hōla, ho chesoa ha setopo ho ile ha khesoa fatše.Malumeli a mangata a bile a thibela ho chesoa ha setopo, a bolela hore ke ntho e hopotsang meetlo ea bohetene.Mokhoa oa ho pata e ne e le oona o ratoang, ’me ka linako tse ling mofu o ne a behoa ka tlung matsatsi a mangata e le hore batho ba ka fana ka tlhompho ea bona.Ka 1348, Lefu la Seoa le ile la otla Europe 'me la qobella batho ho pata bafu kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang le hole le litoropo.Litloaelo tsena tsa lefu le lepato li ile tsa tsoela pele ho fihlela mabitla a tlala, 'me ka lebaka la mabitla a mangata a sa tebang, a tsoela pele ho jala mafu.Ka 1665, Paramente ea Manyesemane e ile ea etsa qeto e tšehetsang hore ho be le mapato a manyenyane feela ’me botebo ba mabitla bo ile ba etsoa hore bo eme 6 ft (1.8 m).Sena se ile sa fokotsa ho ata ha mafu, empa mabitla a mangata a ile a tsoela pele ho tlala baahi.

Mabitla a pele a tšoanang le a bonoang kajeno, a thehiloe Paris ka 1804 'me a bitsoa mabitla a "serapa".Pèere-Lachaise e na le mabitso a mangata a tummeng a kang Oscar Wilde, Frederick Chopin le Jim Morrison.E ne e le mabitleng ana a serapeng moo lejoe la sehlooho le lihopotso li ileng tsa fetoha mesebetsi e majabajaba.Boemo ba motho sechabeng bo ne bo laola boholo le bokhabane ba sehopotso.Likhopotso tsa pele li ne li tšoantšetsa liketsahalo tse tšabehang tse nang le masapo le bademona ho kenya tšabo ea bophelo ka mor’a lefu ho ba phelang.Hamorao lekholong la leshome le metso e robong la lilemo, majoe a sehlooho a ile a fetoha a emela liketsahalo tsa khotso, tse kang likerubime le mangeloi a etellang mofu holimo.United States e thehile mabitla a eona a mahaeng, The Mount Auburn Cemetery e Cambridge, Massachusetts, ka 1831.

Lisebelisoa tse so fetoloe

Majoe a pele a ne a entsoe ka letlapa, le neng le fumaneha sebakeng sa pele New England.Ntho e latelang e ileng ea tuma e ne e le 'mabole, empa ka mor'a nako 'mabole o ne o tla senyeha' me mabitso le lintlha tsa mofu li ne li ke ke tsa hlalosoa.Ka 1850, granite e ile ea fetoha thepa e ratoang ea lejoe la sehlooho ka lebaka la ho tiea le ho fumaneha habonolo.Likhopotsong tsa sejoale-joale granite ke eona thepa e tala e sebelisoang haholo.

Granite ke lejoe le tukang le entsoeng haholo-holo ka quartz, feldspar, le plagioclase feldspar le likaroloana tse ling tse nyane tsa liminerale tse tsoakiloeng. Granite e ka ba bosoeu, bopinki, bohlooho bo khanyang, kapa bohlooho bo lefifi.Lejoe lena le entsoe ka magma (ntho e qhibilihisitsoeng) e pholileng butle-butle.Magma e pholileng e epolloa ka ho fetoha ha bokaholimo ba lefatše le khoholeho ea mobu.

Moralo

Ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea ho etsa lejoe la sehlooho.Li-Epitaphs li tloha ho qotsa mangolo ho ea ho lipolelo tse sa hlakang le tse qabolang.Liemahale tse tsamaeang le tsona li ka betloa, tsa behoa holim'a lejoe, kapa ka thōko ho lejoe.Boholo le sebōpeho sa majoe a lihlooho le tsona lia fapana.Ka kakaretso, majoe ohle a belisoa ka mochini ebe a betloa, ebe a qaqisoa hantle ka letsoho.

The Manufacturing
Tshebetso

1. Mohato oa pele ke ho khetha mofuta (ka tloaelo marble kapa granite) le 'mala oa lejoe.Joale sekoahelo sa granite se khaoloa ho tloha lefikeng.Ho na le litsela tse tharo tsa ho etsa sena.Mokhoa oa pele ke oa ho phunya.Mokhoa ona o sebelisa mochini oa ho phunya moea o phunyang masoba a emeng 1 ho (2.54 cm) ho arohana le 20 ft (6.1 m) botebong ba granite.Ka mor'a moo, batho ba chekang likoari ba sebelisa litšepe tse 4 ho (10.1 cm) tse telele tse nang le meno a tšepe ho li poma karolong e bohareng ea lefika.

Ho phunya jete ho potlakile ho feta ho phunya, hoo e ka bang makhetlo a supileng.Ka mokhoa ona, 16 ft (4.9 m) e ka chekoa ka hora e le 'ngoe.Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisa mochini oa rokete o nang le molamu oa tšepe o se nang letho ho leleka motsoako oa mafura a hydrocarbon a hatelitsoeng le moea ka mokhoa oa lelakabe la 2,800 ° F (1,537.8 ° C).Lelakabe lena le feta lebelo la molumo ka makhetlo a mahlano 'me le khaola 4 in (10.2 cm) ka har'a granite.

Tsela ea boraro ke mokhoa o sebetsang ka ho fetisisa, o khutsitseng, 'me o hlahisa hoo e batlang e le litšila.Ho phunya jete ea metsi ho sebelisa khatello ea metsi ho khaola granite.Ho na le litsamaiso tse peli tsa ho phunya jete ea metsi, khatello e tlase le khatello e phahameng.Ka bobeli li ntša melapo e 'meli ea metsi, empa melapo ea tsamaiso e tlaase ea khatello e tlas'a 1,400-1,800 psi,' me melapo e phahameng ea khatello e tlas'a 40,000 psi.Metsi a tsoang ho jets a sebelisoa hape, 'me mokhoa ona o fokotsa liphoso le lisebelisoa tse senyehileng.

1. Mohato o latelang ke ho tlosa boloko ho bethe ea koari.Basebeletsi ba nka liboro tse kholo tsa moea tse kentsoeng ka 1.5-1.88 in (3.81-4.78 cm) likotoana tsa tšepe tse kentsoeng ka carbide ebe li phunya ka mokhoa o tšekaletseng ka har'a boloko ea granite.Ka mor'a moo ba kenya litefello tse phuthetsoeng ka pampiri ka mekoting.Hang ha liqoso li behiloe, boloko bo etsa khefu e hloekileng ho tloha lejoeng lohle.
2. Liboloko tsa granite hangata li ka ba bophara ba 3 ft (0.9 m) bophara, 3 ft (0.9 m) bophahamo, le 10 ft (3 m) bolelele, boima bo ka bang 20,250 lb (9,185 kg).Basebetsi ba kenya thapo ho pota-pota boloko kapa ba phunya lihoko ka mahlakoreng afe kapa afe ebe ba hokela thapo lihokong.Ka litsela tse peli thapo e hoketsoe ho derrick e kholo e phahamisang boloko ba granite holimo le holim'a teraka ea flatbed e e isang ho moetsi oa majoe a hlooho.Li-quarries li na le ho ikemela le ho rekisa granite ho bahlahisi, empa ho na le lik'hamphani tse kholo tse nang le likori.
3. Ka mor'a ho fihla ntlong ea tlhahiso, li-slabs tsa granite li theoleloa holim'a lebanta la conveyor moo li khaotsoeng ka matlapa a manyenyane.Li-slabs ka kakaretso li 6, 8, 10, kapa 12 ho (15.2, 20.3, 25, le 30.4 cm, ka ho latellana) e teteaneng.Mohato ona o etsoa ka rotary diamond saw.Sakha e na le lehare le tiileng la daemane la 5 ft (1.5 m) kapa 11.6 ft (3.54 m).Lehare hangata le na le likarolo tse ka bang 140-160 tsa litaemane tsa indasteri 'me li na le bokhoni ba ho khaola karolelano ea 23-25 ​​ft.²(2.1-2,3 m²) hora.
4. Li-slabs tse sehiloeng li fetisoa tlas'a palo e fapaneng ea lihlooho tse potolohang (hangata tse robeli ho isa ho tse 13) ka maemo a fapaneng a grit a hlophisitsoeng.

Ho etsoa ha lejoe la sehlooho.

ho tloha ho tse hlabang haholo ho isa ho tse nyane.Lihlooho tse 'maloa tsa pele li na le grit e thata ea daemane, lihlooho tse bohareng ke tsa ho roala,' me lihlooho tse 'maloa tsa ho qetela li na le li-buffer pads.Lisebelisoa tsena li na le metsi le aluminiamo kapa phofo ea tin oxide ho tsona ho bentša lejoe ho fihlela qetellong, le benyang.

1. Joale letlapa le bentšitsoeng le tsamaisoa hammoho le lebanta la conveyor ho ea ho hydraulic breaker.Sesenyi se na le meno a carbide a sebetsang haufi le 5,000 psi ea khatello ea hydraulic holim'a letlapa la granite, ho etsa seha se otlolohileng ka har'a lejoe.
2. Joale lejoe le sehiloeng le etsoa ka sebōpeho se loketseng.Sena se ka etsoa ka letsoho ka chisel le hamore, kapa ka ho toba ka sakha ea daemane ea mahare a mangata.Mochini ona o ka hlophisoa hore o ts'oare li-blade tse ka bang 30, empa hangata o jara tse robeli kapa tse robong feela.E na le li-blades tse robong, sakha ena ea daemane e nang le mahare a mangata e ka khaola 27 ft²(2.5 m²) hora.
3. Joale bokaholimo ba lejoe boa bentšitsoe hape.Ts'ebetsong e ikemetseng, likotoana tse 64 li ka belisoa ka nako e le 'ngoe.
4. Mathoko a tsepameng a bentšitsoe ke mochini o benyang o itirisang, o ts'oanang le oa ho bentša holimo.Mochini ona o khetha hlooho e thata ka ho fetisisa ea grit ebe o e sebetsa ho pholletsa le mathōko a lejoe.Joale mochine o sebetsa ka har'a grits tse ling ho fihlela mathōko a le boreleli.
5. Mathoko a radial a silwa mme a bentshiwa ka nako e le nngwe ho sebediswa meqomo e mmedi ya ditaemane.E 'ngoe e na le grit e thata ea daemane, 'me ea bobeli e na le grit e ntle haholoanyane.Joale mathōko a lejoe a bentšitsoeng.
6. Haeba ho hlokahala libōpeho tse rarahaneng tsa majoe, lejoe le bentšitsoeng le isoa sakhang ea terata ea taemane.Opereishene e lokisa sakha ebe e qala ts'ebetso, e sebelisang software ea komporo ho kenya libopeho lejoeng la sehlooho.Etching leha e le efe e ntle kapa tlhaloso e phethoa ka letsoho.
7. Joale lejoe la sehlooho le loketse ho phethoa.Rock Pitching e kenyelletsa ho phunya mathoko a kantle a lejoe ka letsoho, ho fana ka sebopeho se hlakileng haholoanyane.
8. Kaha joale lejoe la sehlooho le bentšitsoe O 'me le bōpehile, ke nako ea ho betla.Hangata ho sebelisoa sandblasting.Sekhomaretsi sa metsi se sebelisoa lejoeng la sehlooho.Stencil ea rabara e sebelisoa holim'a sekhomaretsi ebe e koaheloa ka mokhoa o entsoeng ka carbon-backed ea moralo.Khabone e fetisetsa moralo o lokisitsoeng ke moetsi oa rabara, holim'a stencil ea rabara.Joale mosebeletsi o seha litlhaku le likarolo tsa moralo tse batloang lejoeng, a li pepesetsa ho phatloha ha lehlabathe.Sandblasting e etsoa ka letsoho kapa e etsoa ka boiketsetso.Mokhoa ofe kapa ofe o etsoa sebakeng se koaletsoeng ka lebaka la likotsi tsa ts'ebetso.Mosebeletsi o koahetsoe ka ho feletseng ho sireletsoa ho lijo-thollo tse bontšitsoeng lejoeng.The course cutting abrasive e sebelisoa ka matla a 100 psi.Ba bokellang lerōle ba bokelle lerōle hore le sebelisoe hape.
9. Joale lejoe le fafatsoa ka mouoane oa khatello e phahameng ho tlosa stencil leha e le efe e setseng kapa sekhomaretsi.E hloekisoa hape ebe e hlahlojoa ka hloko, ebe e kenngoa ka cellophane kapa pampiri e boima ho sireletsa qetello.Sephutheloana se kenngoa ka har'a mabokose ebe se romelloa ho moreki kapa motsamaisi oa lepato.

Taolo ea Boleng

Taolo ea boleng e qobelloa ka matla ho pholletsa le ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso.Letlapa le leng le le leng la granite e makukuno le hlahlojoa ho bona hore na mebala ea eona e tsitsitse.Ka mor'a mohato o mong le o mong oa ho bentša, lejoe la hlooho le hlahlojoa ka liphoso.Letšoao la pele la chip kapa sekoti, lejoe le tlosoa moleng.

Lintho tse hlahisoang ke 'mele

Ho itšetlehile ka mokhoa oa ho itšeha o sebelisoang koring, litšila lia fapana.Ho cheka ke mokhoa o fokolang haholo oa ho cheka, kahoo ho hlahisa litšila tse ngata.Mokhoa oa jete oa metsi o hlahisa tekanyo e fokolang ea tšilafalo ea lerata le lerōle.E boetse e baballa mafura ho feta lits'ebetso tse ling, 'me e nolofalletsa metsi hore a sebelisoe hape.Lehlabatheng ho na le litšila tse nyane hape kaha likaroloana tsa lehlabathe lia bokelloa le ho sebelisoa hape.Majoe afe kapa afe a sa sebetseng a granite a tsoang moetsong a atisa ho rekisetsoa lik'hamphani tse ling tsa tlhahiso kapa a romelloe kantle ho naha.Majoe a mang a sa tsitsang aa lahloa.

Bokamoso

Ho na le mekhoa e mengata e mecha e sebelisang software e ncha ho hlahisa meralo holim'a majoe a sehlooho.Laser etching ke nts'etsopele e tlang e lumellang litšoantšo le meralo e rarahaneng ho feta ho beoa lejoeng la sehlooho ho sebelisoa lebone la laser.Mocheso o tsoang ho laser o hlahisa likristale holim'a granite, e leng se etsang hore ho be le etching e phahameng, e khanyang.

Ho fokotseha ha granite ha ho bonahale nakong e tlang e haufi.Ha li-quarries li ntse li rafshoa, lisebelisoa tse ncha lia hlaha.Ho na le melaoana e mengata e fokotsang palo ea granite e ka romelloang kantle ho naha ka nako.Mekhoa e meng ea ho lahla bafu le eona ke lintlha tse ka fokotsang tlhahiso ea majoe a lihlooho.